Side-Channel Attacks on Trusted Execution Environments: What the Research Shows
An analysis of published side-channel vulnerabilities in software-based TEEs and why the attack surface persists despite firmware patches.
Read article-
-
How Physically Unclonable Functions Generate Hardware Identity from Silicon Entropy
A technical walkthrough of masked PUF architectures, fuzzy extractor algorithms, and why NIST SP 800-90B entropy thresholds are achievable without battery backup.
Read article -
AMD SEV-SNP and Intel TDX: Comparing Hardware Trust Boundaries for Confidential VMs
A practical comparison of the memory encryption and attestation architectures in AMD SEV-SNP and Intel TDX from a platform security engineering perspective.
Read article -
Navigating FIPS 140-3 Level 3 and Level 4 Requirements for HSM Hardware Design
What FIPS 140-3 Level 3 and Level 4 actually require at the silicon level, and why traditional battery-backed tamper detection is not the only compliance path.
Read article -
Hardware Supply Chain Attestation: Proving Chip Provenance from Wafer to Deployment
How cryptographic attestation rooted in ROM-fused keys can provide end-to-end provenance across the semiconductor supply chain, from foundry tape-out to field deployment.
Read article -
Hardware-Protected Key Management: Architecture Patterns for Sealed Key Hierarchies
Design patterns for key derivation hierarchies where the root of trust is hardware-immutable — covering HSM integration with HashiCorp Vault, PKCS#11, and native key handles.
Read article -
Sealed Workload Packaging: Binding Container Images to a Hardware Identity
How sealing APIs allow container filesystems and ML model weights to be bound to a specific chip's PUF-derived identity, preventing exfiltration even when storage is compromised.
Read article -
PKCS#11 and OpenSSL Engine Integration: Offloading Key Operations to Hardware Without Rewriting Applications
A practical guide to integrating hardware security modules into existing PKI, TLS termination, and code-signing infrastructure using standard cryptographic interfaces.
Read article -
Spectre, Meltdown, and the Persistent Timing Oracle Problem in Software TEEs
Why speculative execution vulnerabilities represent a structural problem for software-only TEE implementations, and what constant-time hardware arithmetic changes about the threat model.
Read article -
Intel TDX Trust Domain Extensions: An Architectural Deep Dive
How Intel TDX creates hardware-isolated memory partitions at the processor level, what the trust boundary actually protects, and where a hardware co-processor extends coverage.
Read article -
Working with Early-Stage HSM Design Partners: Engineering Integration Depth vs. Breadth
Why a small cohort of deeply integrated design partners produces better silicon than a wide early-access program, and what a productive HSM design partnership looks like in practice.
Read article -
Zero-Trust Architecture and the Hardware Attestation Layer: Where Software Stops and Silicon Begins
How hardware attestation — specifically ROM-anchored certificate chains — fills the gap that software-only zero-trust architectures leave at the physical compute boundary.
Read article